Include the author's last name and the title of the document if you have it. Provide enough information for your readers to locate the source if they want to. If there is no indication of where you got your information, readers might wonder whether you verified it yourself.Ģ. Identify your sources early in the essay. However, if you must cite sources using endnotes, follow these instructions to ensure that your work remains valid academic writing.ġ. The preferred method of citing sources within your essay is through use of footnotes. Endnotes should not be used as a replacement for footnotes. Use endnotes to clarify issues related to authorship, date collected, and duplicate records. While most citations tell readers simply where the information can be found, an endnote provides further detail about the source (such as the author's name, date published, or page numbers).

Sometimes only a number is given instead of an entire note head this indicates that the reader should look up the citation at the end of the paper.Įxample: 'See Endnote #3 for more information.'Įndnotes are used to provide additional information about sources cited in the text. Endnotes are typically displayed in the margin like footnotes but may also be included in the text on a separate line above or below a quotation or excerpt. However, endnotes can also be used within the text itself if you want to refer back to something mentioned earlier in the document.

The term 'endnote' comes from the fact that these notes appear at the end of a paragraph or page. The best known use for an endnote is at the end of a chapter or essay. Endnotes are commonly used in academic papers but also appear in magazines, newspapers, and other types of documents. While in-text citations allow readers to easily find what you're discussing within the body of your document, endnotes provide additional visibility and accessibility by directing readers to specific pages or locations within those pages. This tells readers where they can find more information about your topic.Įndnotes are used when you want to refer back to sources, such as books or articles. When creating an endnote list, think about what kind of reference you will need and plan accordingly.Īn endnote is a source reference that directs readers to a specific location at the end of the article where they may learn where the information or words quoted or discussed in the paper came from. It is important to note that an endnote cannot be both internal and external. They can be internal, which means they reference material within the essay, or external, which means they reference material outside of the essay. For example, if you were writing an article on the causes of the First World War and needed to reference something said by Sir Edward Grey, you could use an endnote to point the reader there.Įndnotes can be used in two different ways. Endnotes are useful for referencing specific words or phrases within the text while also providing information about the source. Endnotes are placed at the end of a paper or essay while footnotes are used within the body of the text. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970.Īn endnote is similar to a footnote in that they are both forms of references or citations. The citation would look like this: Eastman, Lloyd A.

You would refer to it as 'a classic study of Chinese society,' and provide the reader with a citation. Assume you used a passage from Lloyd Eastman's history of Chinese social life. Using large-N methods in conjunction with large charge gives us even more control over the dynamics and lets us study the system away from the conformal point.A superscript number follows your quoted or paraphrased sentence or summary content when utilizing endnotes. In this talk, I will introduce the large-charge expansion via the simple example of the O(2) model and will then generalize it to the O(N) vector model which displays a richer structure due to its non-Abelian global symmetry group.

It allows us in particular to calculate the CFT data as an expansion in inverse powers of the large charge. Over the last few years, it has become clear that working in sectors of large global charge leads to significant simplifications when studying strongly coupled CFTs, theories which are otherwise often inaccessible to analytic methods. Reffert, Susanne (speaker) (Universitaet Bern (CH))

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